Cybersecurity framework for connected and automated vehicles: A modelling perspective

Shah Khalid Khan, Nirajan Shiwakoti, Peter Stasinopoulos, Yilun Chen and Matthew Warren

Transport Policy, 2025, vol. 162, issue C, 47-64

Abstract: Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) cybersecurity is an inherently complex, multi-dimensional issue that goes beyond isolated hardware or software vulnerabilities, extending to human threats, network vulnerabilities, and broader system-level risks. Currently, no formal, comprehensive tool exists that integrates these diverse dimensions into a unified framework for CAV cybersecurity assessment. This study addresses this challenge by developing a System Dynamics (SD) model for strategic cybersecurity assessment that considers technological challenges, human threats, and public cybersecurity awareness during the CAV rollout. Specifically, the model incorporates a novel SD-based Stock-and-Flow Model (SFM) that maps six key parameters influencing cyberattacks at the system level. These parameters include CAV communication safety, user adoption rates, log file management, hacker capabilities, understanding of hacker motivations (criminology theory maturity), and public awareness of CAV cybersecurity.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.11.019

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