Hope and optimism gaps among sexual and gender minorities of Canada

Maryam Dilmaghani

Journal of Economic Studies, 2025, vol. 53, issue 7, 1446-1464

Abstract: PurposeQuantitative evidence on how sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) stand with respect to hope and optimism compared with their cisgender heterosexual peers is sparse. However, as hope and optimism are shaped by past experiences, and the SGM people generally have less advantageous lived experiences, less-favorable hope and optimism outcomes among them are very likely. The present study examines this question.Design/methodology/approachThe data comprise a recently collected original dataset on the SGMs (N = 1,189) and the Canadian General Social Survey of 2016. The methodology is multivariate regression, also incorporating various sensitivity tests. To mitigate the lack of randomization in the SGM Survey benchmarking factors are used.FindingsAt constant levels of current socioeconomic attainment, the SGMs are found to be markedly less hopeful than cisgender heterosexual women and men. Large gaps are also found in sexual/gender identity regarding optimism about future life and future financial state. For the optimism outcomes, the SGM gaps are somewhat larger with cisgender heterosexual men than with cisgender heterosexual women. These gaps are dampened by the degree of SGM identity disclosure, especially by outness to the family members. Within the SGM groups, the similarity hypothesis finds greater support than the alternative. Although evidence emerges that trans men likely fare non-negligibly worse than other SGMs in the hopefulness metric.Originality/valueUsing an original dataset, this study reports critical deficits in hope and optimism among the Canadian SGMs, and adds to the growing literature showcasing the role of hope and optimism as policy tools in poverty reduction and inclusion promotion.

Keywords: Hope; Optimism; Expectations; Gender; Gender identity; Sexual orientation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eme:jespps:jes-01-2025-0006

DOI: 10.1108/JES-01-2025-0006

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