From pink ribbons to pinkwashing: beneficiary-design fit and CSR authenticity

Emily Lean, Amye Melton, Lauren Pate, Courtney Jankowski, Vikkie McCarthy and Terry Damron

Social Responsibility Journal, 2026, 1-18

Abstract: PurposeThis paper aims to examine why prominent cause signals, such as the breast-cancer pink ribbon, so often fail to indicate offerings that materially serve the named beneficiaries. The authors focus on bras marketed in the context of breast cancer awareness and theorize beneficiary-design fit (BDF) – the extent to which a product’s design embodies beneficiary needs – as a proximal antecedent of perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) authenticity. They address concerns about pinkwashing by asking when pink-ribbon signals support versus undermine authenticity and stakeholder trust.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted an in-store audit across eight national retailers focusing on what consumers observe at the point of purchase. Coders inventoried all bras in women’s intimates and selected 22 stock keeping units (SKUs) that either displayed the pink ribbon or breast-cancer language on the product, packaging or signage or met at least two beneficiary-relevant design features identified in clinical and ergonomic literature. Each SKU was coded on eight features. Analyses are descriptive rather than inferential.FindingsPink-ribbon signaling was rare and weakly aligned with beneficiary-relevant design. Of the 22 audited SKUs, just three (13%) met all eight identified needs and most clustered in the mid-range (e.g. 36% met six needs). Ribbon marks appeared on products with low BDF, while many higher-BDF bras carried no cause signal, revealing a signal–substance decoupling.Research limitations/implicationsThey introduce BDF as a design-proximal construct and theorize it as a key driver of CSR authenticity in named-beneficiary cause contexts. They develop a cause signal × BDF matrix that distinguishes authentic alignment, unsignaled authenticity, symbolic cause-related marketing (CRM)/pinkwashing risk and a neutral baseline. They further position creating shared value (CSV) as an upstream governance regime that “gates” cause signaling behind minimum BDF standards and auditability. Together, these insights reframe cause-related marketing from performative signaling toward design-integrated, beneficiary-centered support.Practical implicationsThe authors provide managers with a simple BDF index and a cause signal × BDF matrix that they can use to audit bras and other cause-linked offerings. Retailers, brands and nonprofit partners can apply these tools to bring product design, store assortments and CRM communications into closer alignment with beneficiary needs. They also outline how CSV-oriented governance – through decision rights, standards and third-party assurance – can “gate” pink-ribbon use behind minimum BDF thresholds and auditable support for breast cancer patients.Social implicationsBy foregrounding BDF, their framework encourages firms and advocacy organizations to move beyond symbolic awareness campaigns toward design-integrated, beneficiary-centered support. Higher BDF in pink-ribbon offerings can improve comfort, access and dignity for breast cancer patients and survivors, while stronger CSR authenticity and trust may increase sustainable support for breast cancer organizations and related health initiatives.Originality/valueThe authors advance BDF as a novel, design-proximal construct that links tangible product features to CSR authenticity in CRM and pinkwashing contexts. They integrate signaling theory, CSR authenticity and CSV-as-governance to show how cause signals, BDF and assurance safeguards jointly shape stakeholder sensemaking. In doing so, they reframe pink-ribbon marketing from a primarily communicative exercise to a governance and product-design challenge, offering an actionable agenda for research and practice.

Keywords: Beneficiary-design fit (BDF); CSR authenticity; Pinkwashing; Cause-related marketing; Signaling theory; Stakeholder theory; Creating shared value (CSV); Governance; CSR; Breast cancer; Breast cancer awareness (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eme:srjpps:srj-11-2025-1236

DOI: 10.1108/SRJ-11-2025-1236

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