Unemployment and Violence: ARDL Endogeneity Approach. (Desempleo y violencia: Enfoque de endogeneidad ARDL)

Adenuga Fabian Adekoya () and Nor Azam Abdul Razak
Additional contact information
Adenuga Fabian Adekoya: Department of Economics, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Noforija-Epe, Lagos, Nigeria.
Nor Azam Abdul Razak: Department of Economics, School of Economics, Finance and Banking, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok 06010, Malaysia.

Ensayos Revista de Economia, 2018, vol. XXXVII, issue 2, 155-176

Abstract: This study examines the link between unemployment and violence by controlling for income and security expenditure as an antidote to reduce violence in Nigeria. Violence claims many lives and properties in the country, which further increased the demand for public security as tax on the nation’s resources. Also, the increased unemployment in Nigeria, deserving urgent attention to be reduced, as literature has pointed out, causes idleness, deception, frustration and anger. The idea of criminal motivation and strain as an inducement to violence are supported by evidence. Considering the nature of the variables in this study, we tested for endogeneity by using annual data set from 1980 to 2015 before proceeding to test for the long-run and short-run relationship. The Bound Test used to test the cointegration while the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) approach was used to conduct endogeneity test. ARDL Instrumental Variable is also employed to determine long-run and short-run estimates. The results showed that unemployment causes violence while income as a variable to economic growth reduces violence at the 1% level of significance. Similarly, the deterrence variable of security expenditure adversely affects violence at the 10% level of significance. Therefore, this study suggests policy to promote economic growth as the means of income-employment generation among the youth and the unemployed. Youth programs should be provided especially among the unemployed by granting credit facilities to finance their own projects and further strengthen the deterrence institutions.

Keywords: Unemployment; Income; Security Expenditure; Violence; Endogeneity ARDL Instrumental Variable (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C22 E24 K42 O47 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2018
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
http://www.economia.uanl.mx/revistaensayos/xxxvii/2/2_Adenuga_Unemployment.pdf (application/pdf)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ere:journl:v:xxxvii:y:2018:i:2:p:155-176

Ordering information: This journal article can be ordered from

Access Statistics for this article

Ensayos Revista de Economia is currently edited by Edgar Mauricio Luna Domínguez

More articles in Ensayos Revista de Economia from Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Economia Avenida Lazaro Cardenas 4600 Ote., Fraccionamiento Residencial Las Torres, C.P. 64930. Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. México.. Contact information at EDIRC.
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Dora María Vega Facio ( this e-mail address is bad, please contact ).