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A note on non-cognitive skills and effectiveness of school quality in Brazil

Rafael Barbosa, Daniel Lopes Ribeiro and Alesandra Araújo Benevides

Revista Brasileira de Economia - RBE, 2026, vol. 80, issue 2

Abstract: This paper presents evidence that non-cognitive skills, acquired before high school, mediate the effect of public school quality in Brazil. We estimate school quality using a value-added model for secondary schools in the state of Ceará. Students with low engagement reduce their performance in better quality schools in math, suggesting a potential dynamic complementarity between school quality and prior non-cognitive skills. Our results also find that student expectations do not affect the effectiveness of school quality, indicating that not all non-cognitive skills exhibit such complementarity with school quality. We also find a heterogeneous effect according to students' socioeconomic status. Our results indicate that the effectiveness of public school quality in Brazil depends on students' non-cognitive skills.

Date: 2026
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