Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Cymbopogon citratus Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Properties

S M Rakib-Uz-Zaman, Ehsanul Hoque Apu, Mohammed Nimeree Muntasir, Sadrina Afrin Mowna, Mst Gitika Khanom, Shah Saif Jahan, Nahid Akter, M. Azizur R. Khan, Nadia Sultana Shuborna, Shahriar Mohd Shams and Kashmery Khan
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S M Rakib-Uz-Zaman: Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
Ehsanul Hoque Apu: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Mohammed Nimeree Muntasir: Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
Sadrina Afrin Mowna: Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
Mst Gitika Khanom: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University of Kushtia, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
Shah Saif Jahan: Centre for International Public Health & Environmental Research, Bangladesh (CIPHER, B), Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
Nahid Akter: Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
M. Azizur R. Khan: Department of Chemistry, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
Nadia Sultana Shuborna: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand
Shahriar Mohd Shams: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Kashmery Khan: Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh

Challenges, 2022, vol. 13, issue 1, 1-17

Abstract: Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are toxic to microorganisms and can potentially kill multidrug-resistant bacteria. Nanoparticles can be synthesized in many ways, such as physical or chemical methods. Recently, it has been found that plant molecules can perform the same reduction reactions necessary for the production of nanoparticles but in a much more efficient way. Results: Here, green chemistry was employed to synthesize AgNPs using leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citratus . The effects of different parameters such as temperature, pH, and the volume of plant extract were also tested using their absorbance pattern at different wavelengths. The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) changed with the changes in parameters. Changes in temperature from 20 °C to 60 °C have changed the highest absorbance from 0.972 to 3.893 with an SPR of 470 nm. At higher pH (11.1), the particles become highly unstable and have irregular shapes and sizes. The peak shifts to the right at a lower pH level (3.97), indicating a smaller but unstable compound. We have also investigated the effect of the volume of plant extracts on the reaction time. The sample with the highest amount of plant extract showed the most absorbance with a value of 0.963 at λ max, calculated to be 470 nm. The total formation of the AgNPs was observed visually with a color change from yellow to brownish-black. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to monitor the quantitative formation of AgNPs, showing a signature peak in absorbance between 400 and 500 nm. We have estimated the size of the nanoparticles as 47 nm by comparing the experimental data with the theoretical value using Mieplot. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity against several multidrug-resistant bacteria, determined based on the minimal inhibitory concentration and zone of inhibition. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that an aqueous extract of C. citratus can synthesize AgNPs when silver nitrate is used as a precursor, and AgNPs act as antimicrobial property enhancers, which can be used to treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Hence, mass production and green synthesis of AgNPs from C. citratus will be able to increase the overall health of the general population. Moreover, it will enormously reduce the costs for drug development and provide employment options in the remotely located source areas. Finally, our findings will influence further studies in this field to better understand the properties and applications of AgNPs and ultimately contribute to improving planetary health by increasing immunity with high biocompatibility and less drug toxicity.

Keywords: silver nanoparticles; plant extracts; antimicrobial activity; green chemistry; optimization of parameters; biosynthesis; Surface Plasmon Resonance; UV–visible spectroscopy; size estimation; Cymbopogon citratus (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: A00 C00 Z00 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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