Toward Efficient Recycling of Vanadium Phosphate-Based Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Aleksandr Sh. Samarin, Alexey V. Ivanov and Stanislav S. Fedotov ()
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Aleksandr Sh. Samarin: Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow 121205, Russia
Alexey V. Ivanov: Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow 121205, Russia
Stanislav S. Fedotov: Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow 121205, Russia

Clean Technol., 2023, vol. 5, issue 3, 1-20

Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have demonstrated noticeable development since the 2010s, being complementary to the lithium-ion technology in predominantly large-scale application niches. The projected SIB market growth will inevitably lead to the generation of tons of spent cells, posing a notorious issue for proper battery lifecycle management, which requires both the establishment of a regulatory framework and development of technologies for recovery of valuable elements from battery waste. While lithium-ion batteries are mainly based on layered oxides and lithium iron phosphate chemistries, the variety of sodium-ion batteries is much more diverse, extended by a number of other polyanionic families (crystal types), such as NASICON (Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ), Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 −y O y , (0 ≤ y ≤ 2) , KTiOPO 4 -type AVPO 4 X (A—alkali metal cation, X = O, F) and β-NaVP 2 O 7 , with all of them relying on vanadium and phosphorous—critical elements in a myriad of industrial processes and technologies. Overall, the greater chemical complexity of these vanadium-containing phosphate materials highlights the need for designing specific recycling approaches based on distinctive features of vanadium and phosphorus solution chemistry, fine-tuned for the particular electrodes used. In this paper, an overview of recycling methods is presented with a focus on emerging chemistries for SIBs.

Keywords: sodium-ion batteries; metal-ion batteries; recycling; vanadium; phosphates; fluoride-phosphates; NASICON; NaVPO 4 F; hydrometallurgy; closed-loop economy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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