Physicochemical Composition and Features of Skeleton Fractions Obtained from Fish Hydrolysate Production: Exploring Valuable Ca/P Sources

Miriam López-Álvarez, Sara Pérez-Davila (), José Antonio Vázquez, Jesús Valcarcel, Julia Serra and Pío González
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Miriam López-Álvarez: CINTECX, Grupo Novos Materiais, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
Sara Pérez-Davila: Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
José Antonio Vázquez: Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
Jesús Valcarcel: Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
Julia Serra: CINTECX, Grupo Novos Materiais, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
Pío González: CINTECX, Grupo Novos Materiais, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain

Clean Technol., 2025, vol. 7, issue 2, 1-15

Abstract: The expansion of fisheries and aquaculture in recent decades has led to a substantial increase in fish by-products. This study investigates the extraction and characterization of calcium phosphates from the by-products of representative species in these industries, aiming to identify potential sources for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. Clean bones obtained by enzyme hydrolysis from the heads, central skeletons, and/or tails of Atlantic horse mackerel, blue whiting, hake, mackerel, and farmed turbot were subjected to calcination to obtain calcium phosphates. The clean bone content in terms of nitrogen, lipids, organic matter, total protein, and amino acids was evaluated together with the chemical bonds, structures, and elemental composition of calcium phosphates. Results indicated a significantly higher yield of wet bone recovery (23%, p < 0.05) for the central skeleton of Atlantic horse mackerel and the highest mineral fraction for the heads of Atlantic horse mackerel (73.2%), followed by that of blue whiting (72.6%). Hake and turbot presented the lowest mineral fractions and, therefore, the highest protein content (27–31%, p < 0.05), with significant levels of collagen-related amino acids ( p < 0.05). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) confirmed the biphasic calcium phosphate composition for most samples based on hydroxyapatite with contributions of whitlockite/β-tricalcium phosphate. The highest contribution to the non-apatite phase was made by the central skeletons of both mackerel and Atlantic horse mackerel.

Keywords: fish discards; fish by-products; fish hydrolysate; calcium phosphates (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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