Betaine and Total Dietary Fiber Recovery from Red Beetroot Peels by Means of Ultrasound and Pulsed Electric Fields

Iva Sabljak, Mirela Grubelić, Dora Vlahović, Josipa Dukić, Aleksandra Samardžija and Anet Režek Jambrak ()
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Iva Sabljak: Eurofins Croatiakontrola d.o.o., Karlovačka Cesta 4L, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Mirela Grubelić: Eurofins Croatiakontrola d.o.o., Karlovačka Cesta 4L, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Dora Vlahović: Eurofins Croatiakontrola d.o.o., Karlovačka Cesta 4L, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Josipa Dukić: Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierotti Street 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Aleksandra Samardžija: Naturala d.o.o., Nikole Šubića Zrinskog 28, 33520 Slatina, Croatia
Anet Režek Jambrak: Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierotti Street 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Clean Technol., 2025, vol. 7, issue 2, 1-20

Abstract: Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using water as a green solvent is a promising non-thermal technique for the extraction of total dietary fiber (TDF) and betaine from red beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L.) peel. Compared to conventional thermal extraction (CE), UAE has proven to be a more efficient alternative method for the extraction of TDF and betaine. The pretreatment of beet was carried out using pulsed electric field (PEF) technology, with the specific energy of the PEF treatment set at 1.6 kJ/kg. To achieve the maximum betaine concentration of 24.80 µg/mL, the optimum UAE parameters were 50% amplitude with an extraction time of 3 min using distilled water as extraction solvent. The optimum TDF yield of 44.07% was achieved at 75% amplitude, 6 min treatment time and 50% ethanol solution as extraction solvent. These conditions can effectively supplement UAE, especially in the extraction of bioactive compounds from red beetroot peel. However, the TDF obtained in the residue must be evaporated for further use, which increases energy consumption. Ethanol concentration had no statistically significant effect ( p > 0.05) on the TDF results, suggesting that distilled water could replace ethanol as a solvent in UAE. This substitution offers environmental and economic advantages, as water is more environmentally friendly and less expensive than ethanol. In addition, the use of distilled water eliminates the need to evaporate ethanol, which is particularly advantageous when the extracted material is intended for fortification or improvement of the technological and functional properties of food products.

Keywords: red beetroot peel; pulsed electric field; ultrasound assisted extraction; betaine; dietary fiber; CO 2 emissions (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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