Conversion of Oil Palm Kernel Shell Wastes into Active Biocarbons by N 2 Pyrolysis and CO 2 Activation

Aik Chong Lua ()
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Aik Chong Lua: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore

Clean Technol., 2025, vol. 7, issue 3, 1-22

Abstract: Oil palm kernel shell is an abundant agricultural waste generated by the palm oil industry. To achieve sustainable use of this waste, oil palm kernel shells were converted into valuable resources as active biocarbons. A two-stage preparation method involving N 2 pyrolysis, followed by CO 2 activation, was used to produce the active biocarbon. The optimum pyrolysis conditions that produced the largest BET surface area of 519.1 m 2 /g were a temperature of 600 °C, a hold time of 2 h, a nitrogen flow rate of 150 cm 3 /min, and a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The optimum activation conditions to prepare the active biocarbon with the largest micropore surface area or the best micropore/BET surface area combination were a temperature of 950 °C, a CO 2 flow rate of 300 cm 3 /min, a heating rate of 10 °C/min, and a hold time of 3 h, yielding BET and micropore surface areas of 1232.3 and 941.0 m 2 /g, respectively, and consisting of 76.36% of micropores for the experimental optimisation technique adopted here. This study underscores the importance of optimising both the pyrolysis and activation conditions to produce an active biocarbon with a maximum micropore surface area for gaseous adsorption applications, especially to capture CO 2 greenhouse gas, to mitigate global warming and climate change. Such a comprehensive and detailed study on the conversion of oil palm kernel shell into active biocarbon is lacking in the open literature. The research results provide a practical blueprint on the process parameters and technical know-how for the industrial production of highly microporous active biocarbons prepared from oil palm kernel shells.

Keywords: oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) kernel shell; pyrolysis; physical activation; biochar; active biocarbon (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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