Targeted Chemometrics Investigations of Source-, Age- and Gender-Dependencies of Oral Cavity Malodorous Volatile Sulphur Compounds

Kerry L. Grootveld, Victor Ruiz-Rodado and Martin Grootveld
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Kerry L. Grootveld: Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
Victor Ruiz-Rodado: National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute, Neuro-Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
Martin Grootveld: Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK

Data, 2021, vol. 6, issue 4, 1-27

Abstract: Halitosis is a highly distressing, socially unaesthetic condition, with a very high incidence amongst the adult population. It predominantly arises from excessive oral cavity volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations, which have either oral or extra-oral etiologies (90–95% and 5–10% of cases, respectively). However, reports concerning age- and gender-related influences on the patterns and concentrations of these malodorous agents remain sparse; therefore, this study’s first objective was to explore the significance and impact of these potential predictor variables on the oral cavity levels of these malodorants. Moreover, because non-oral etiologies for halitosis may represent avatars of serious extra-oral diseases, the second objective was to distinguish between etiology- (source-) dependent patterns of oral cavity VSCs. Oral cavity VSC determinations were performed on 116 healthy human participants using a non-stationary gas chromatographic facility, and following a 4 h period of abstention from all non-respiratory oral activities. Participants were grouped according to ages or age bands, and gender. Statistical analyses of VSC level data acquired featured both univariate/correlation and multivariate (MV) approaches. Factorial analysis-of-variance and MV analyses revealed that the levels of all VSCs monitored were independent of both age and gender. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a range of further MV analysis techniques, together with an agglomerative hierarchal clustering strategy, demonstrated that VSC predictor variables were partitioned into two components, the first arising from orally-sourced H 2 S and CH 3 SH, the second from extra-orally-sourced (CH 3 ) 2 S alone (about 55% and 30% of total variance respectively). In conclusion, oral cavity VSC concentrations appear not to be significantly influenced by age and gender. Furthermore, (CH 3 ) 2 S may serve as a valuable biomarker for selected extra-oral conditions.

Keywords: halitosis; volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs); oral cavity; oral health; oral and extra-oral etiologies; age; gender; non-stationary gas chromatographic oral cavity VSC determinations (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C8 C80 C81 C82 C83 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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