A Fast Deep Learning ECG Sex Identifier Based on Wavelet RGB Image Classification

Jose-Luis Cabra Lopez (), Carlos Parra and Gonzalo Forero
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Jose-Luis Cabra Lopez: Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Engineering, Fundación Universitaria Compensar, Bogota 111311, Colombia
Carlos Parra: Department of Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia
Gonzalo Forero: Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Engineering, Fundación Universitaria Compensar, Bogota 111311, Colombia

Data, 2023, vol. 8, issue 6, 1-13

Abstract: Human sex recognition with electrocardiogram signals is an emerging area in machine learning, mostly oriented toward neural network approaches. It might be the beginning of a field of heart behavior analysis focused on sex. However, a person’s heartbeat changes during daily activities, which could compromise the classification. In this paper, with the intention of capturing heartbeat dynamics, we divided the heart rate into different intervals, creating a specialized identification model for each interval. The sexual differentiation for each model was performed with a deep convolutional neural network from images that represented the RGB wavelet transformation of ECG pseudo-orthogonal X, Y, and Z signals, using sufficient samples to train the network. Our database included 202 people, with a female-to-male population ratio of 49.5–50.5% and an observation period of 24 h per person. As our main goal, we looked for periods of time during which the classification rate of sex recognition was higher and the process was faster; in fact, we identified intervals in which only one heartbeat was required. We found that for each heart rate interval, the best accuracy score varied depending on the number of heartbeats collected. Furthermore, our findings indicated that as the heart rate increased, fewer heartbeats were needed for analysis. On average, our proposed model reached an accuracy of 94.82% ± 1.96%. The findings of this investigation provide a heartbeat acquisition procedure for ECG sex recognition systems. In addition, our results encourage future research to include sex as a soft biometric characteristic in person identification scenarios and for cardiology studies, in which the detection of specific male or female anomalies could help autonomous learning machines move toward specialized health applications.

Keywords: sex recognition; ECG; user authentication; soft biometrics; smartphone applications; machine learning (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C8 C80 C81 C82 C83 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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