A Pontryagin Minimum Principle-Based Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimum Strategy for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Bus on a Fixed Route

Shaobo Xie, Huiling Li, Zongke Xin, Tong Liu and Lang Wei
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Shaobo Xie: School of Automotive Engineering, Chang’an University, Southern 2nd Road, Xi’an 710064, China
Huiling Li: School of Automotive Engineering, Chang’an University, Southern 2nd Road, Xi’an 710064, China
Zongke Xin: School of Automotive Engineering, Chang’an University, Southern 2nd Road, Xi’an 710064, China
Tong Liu: School of Automotive Engineering, Chang’an University, Southern 2nd Road, Xi’an 710064, China
Lang Wei: School of Automotive Engineering, Chang’an University, Southern 2nd Road, Xi’an 710064, China

Energies, 2017, vol. 10, issue 9, 1-22

Abstract: When developing a real-time energy management strategy for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, it is still a challenge for the Equivalent Consumption Minimum Strategy to achieve near-optimal energy consumption, because the optimal equivalence factor is not readily available without the trip information. With the help of realistic speeding profiles sampled from a plug-in hybrid electric bus running on a fixed commuting line, this paper proposes a convenient and effective approach of determining the equivalence factor for an adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimum Strategy. Firstly, with the adaptive law based on the feedback of battery SOC, the equivalence factor is described as a combination of the major component and tuning component. In particular, the major part defined as a constant is applied to the inherent consistency of regular speeding profiles, while the second part including a proportional and integral term can slightly tune the equivalence factor to satisfy the disparity of daily running cycles. Moreover, Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle is employed and solved by using the shooting method to capture the co-state dynamics, in which the Secant method is introduced to adjust the initial co-state value. And then the initial co-state value in last shooting is taken as the optimal stable constant of equivalence factor. Finally, altogether ten successive driving profiles are selected with different initial SOC levels to evaluate the proposed method, and the results demonstrate the excellent fuel economy compared with the dynamic programming and PMP method.

Keywords: plug-in hybrid electric bus; adaptive equivalent consumption minimum strategy; Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle; shooting method; realistic speeding profiles (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (24)

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