City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis

Klaus Kivekäs, Antti Lajunen, Jari Vepsäläinen and Kari Tammi
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Klaus Kivekäs: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Antti Lajunen: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Jari Vepsäläinen: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Kari Tammi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland

Energies, 2018, vol. 11, issue 7, 1-26

Abstract: Alternative powertrains are rapidly increasing in popularity in city buses. Hence, it is vitally important to understand the factors affecting the performance of the powertrains in order to operate them on appropriate routes and as efficiently as possible. To that end, this paper presents an exhaustive driving cycle and passenger load sensitivity analysis for the most common city bus powertrain topologies. Three-thousand synthetic cycles were generated for a typical suburban bus route based on measured cycles and passenger numbers from the route. The cycles were simulated with six bus models: compressed natural gas, diesel, parallel hybrid, series hybrid, hydrogen fuel cell hybrid, and battery electric bus. Twenty reference cycles featuring various types of routes were simulated for comparison. Correlations between energy consumption and the various driving cycle parameters and passenger loads were examined. Further analysis was conducted with variance decomposition. Aggressiveness and stop frequency had the highest correlation with the consumption. The diesel bus was the most sensitive to aggressiveness. The parallel hybrid had a lower statistical dispersion of consumption than the series hybrid on the suburban route. On the varied routes, the opposite was true. The performance of the parallel hybrid powertrain deteriorated significantly on cycles with high aggressiveness and stop frequency. In general, the high correlation between aggressiveness and energy consumption implies that particular attention must be paid to limiting high-speed accelerations of city buses.

Keywords: city bus; powertrain; driving cycle; passenger load; energy consumption (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2018
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (10)

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