CO 2 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems—A Comprehensive Review

Frank Bruno, Martin Belusko and Edward Halawa
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Frank Bruno: Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes SA 5095, Australia
Martin Belusko: Barbara Hardy Institute, School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes SA 5095, Australia
Edward Halawa: Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes SA 5095, Australia

Energies, 2019, vol. 12, issue 15, 1-39

Abstract: An increased awareness of the impacts of synthetic refrigerants on the environment has prompted the refrigeration industry and researchers worldwide to seek better alternatives in terms of technical, economic and environmental performance. CO 2 refrigerant, also known as R744, has re-emerged as a potential alternative to existing refrigerants with its zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and impressively low global warming potential (GWP). A refrigeration system utilising this refrigerant, however, suffers performance degradation when it operates in warm or hot climatic regions due to its inevitable operation in the supercritical region. In addition, the CO 2 refrigerant properties necessitate the need for components designed to withstand very high operating pressures. These challenges have not been let unnoticed; related industries and researchers are actively involved in research and development of various components and systems which in turn encourages increased applications of these systems. In this paper, a comprehensive review of CO 2 refrigeration systems and the state of the art of the technology and its applications in various industries is presented. In particular, the paper reviews recent research and developments on various aspects of CO 2 systems including cycle modifications, exergy analysis of the systems, system modelling, transcritical operation consideration and various existing and potential applications.

Keywords: CO 2 refrigeration; dew point cooler; evaporative cooling; gas cooler; subcritical operation; supercritical state; transcritical operation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2019
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