An Investigation of a Root Zone Heating System and Its Effects on the Morphology of Winter-Grown Green Peppers

Muhammad Ameen, Zhuo Zhang, Xiaochan Wang, Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Umair, Rana Shahzad Noor, Wei Lu, Khurram Yousaf, Fahim Ullah and Muhammad Sohail Memon
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Muhammad Ameen: College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
Zhuo Zhang: College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
Xiaochan Wang: College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
Muhammad Yaseen: Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
Muhammad Umair: Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
Rana Shahzad Noor: Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
Wei Lu: College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
Khurram Yousaf: College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
Fahim Ullah: College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
Muhammad Sohail Memon: Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan

Energies, 2019, vol. 12, issue 5, 1-15

Abstract: The winter season in Nanjing is from December to February, with extremely low temperature and high humidity due to seasonal snowfall. During these extreme cold climatic conditions, plants have to survive severe heat stress conditions, even if they are being kept in greenhouses. The objective of this study was to investigate a heating system that can provide heat directly to the root zone instead of heating the entire greenhouse, which is a viable option to reduce energy consumption. Root zone heating could be an effective alternative for the sustainable development of plants during the winter. A novel type of root zone heating system was applied to evaluate the energy consumption during different greenhouse ambient temperature conditions, the effects of root zone heating systems on pepper plant morphology, and heat transfer rates to plant canopy in the greenhouse. The temperature treatments in root zone heating system were T-15, T-20, T-25, T-30, and a control treatment (TC) at 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, respectively, while TC received no heat. A simulation study was carried out to validate the root zone temperature. The results of the current investigation revealed that energy consumption has an inverse relationship to the ambient temperature of the greenhouse, while temperature gradients to the plant canopy observed from the lower to the upper part of the plant and the upper canopy experienced less temperature fluctuation as compared to the lower part of the plant. The results also showed that treatment T-20 had the maximum in terms of the leaf dry weight, stem diameter, and the number of leaves, while T-25 showed the maximum root dry weight and stem dry weight; T-30 and T-15 had minimum dry weights of plant segments among all treatments. Control treatment (TC) showed a minimum dry mass of plant. The root zone heating with optimal root zone temperature was found to be a viable and adaptable option as this leads to improved energy consumption patterns for the sustainable growth and development of plants in greenhouses during extremely low temperatures.

Keywords: energy consumption; sustainability; root zone; heating system; heat transfer; plants development; peppers; plant morphology (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2019
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