Fe 3 O 4 -PDA-Lipase as Surface Functionalized Nano Biocatalyst for the Production of Biodiesel Using Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock: Characterization and Process Optimization

Tooba Touqeer, Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz, Hamid Mukhtar, Ahmad Irfan, Sadia Akram, Aroosh Shabbir, Umer Rashid, Imededdine Arbi Nehdi and Thomas Shean Yaw Choong
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Tooba Touqeer: Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz: Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
Hamid Mukhtar: Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Ahmad Irfan: Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
Sadia Akram: Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
Aroosh Shabbir: Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Umer Rashid: Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
Imededdine Arbi Nehdi: Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Thomas Shean Yaw Choong: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia

Energies, 2019, vol. 13, issue 1, 1-19

Abstract: Synthesis of surface modified/multi-functional nanoparticles has become a vital research area of material science. In the present work, iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles prepared by solvo-thermal method were functionalized by polydopamine. The catechol groups of polydopamine at the surface of nanoparticles provided the sites for the attachment of Aspergillus terreus AH-F2 lipase through adsorption, Schiff base and Michael addition mechanisms. The strategy was revealed to be facile and efficacious, as lipase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles grant the edge of ease in recovery with utilizing external magnet and reusability of lipase. Maximum activity of free lipase was estimated to be 18.32 U/mg/min while activity of Fe 3 O 4 -PDA-Lipase was 17.82 U/mg/min (showing 97.27% residual activity). The lipase immobilized on polydopamine coated iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 _PDA_Lipase) revealed better adoptability towards higher levels of temperature/pH comparative to free lipase. The synthesized (Fe 3 O 4 _PDA_Lipase) catalyst was employed for the preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by enzymatic transesterification. Five factors response surface methodology was adopted for optimizing reaction conditions. The highest yield of biodiesel (92%) was achieved at 10% Fe 3 O 4 _PDA_Lipase percentage concentration, 6:1 CH 3 OH to oil ratio, 37 °C temperature, 0.6% water content and 30 h of reaction time. The Fe 3 O 4 -PDA-Lipase activity was not very affected after first four cycles and retained 25.79% of its initial activity after seven cycles. The nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR (Fourier transfer infrared) Spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy), grafting of polydopamine on nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR and formation of biodiesel was evaluated by FTIR and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis.

Keywords: biodiesel; transesterification; Aspergillus terreus lipase; polydopamine; immobilization; RSM; fuel properties (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2019
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