Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry

Michail Cheliotis, Evangelos Boulougouris, Nikoletta L Trivyza, Gerasimos Theotokatos, George Livanos, George Mantalos, Athanasios Stubos, Emmanuel Stamatakis and Alexandros Venetsanos
Additional contact information
Michail Cheliotis: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Evangelos Boulougouris: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Nikoletta L Trivyza: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Gerasimos Theotokatos: Maritime Safety Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Richmond Street 16, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
George Livanos: CAPITAL-EXECUTIVE Ship Management Corp, 3, Iasonos Street, 18537 Piraeus, Greece
George Mantalos: STARBULK, 40, Agiou Konstantinou, 15124 Athens, Greece
Athanasios Stubos: NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece
Emmanuel Stamatakis: NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece
Alexandros Venetsanos: NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 11, 1-20

Abstract: In April 2018, the International Maritime Organisation adopted an ambitious plan to contribute to the global efforts to reduce the Greenhouse Gas emissions, as set by the Paris Agreement, by targeting a 50% reduction in shipping’s Green House Gas emissions by 2050, benchmarked to 2008 levels. To meet these challenging goals, the maritime industry must introduce environmentally friendly fuels with negligible, or low SO X , NO X and CO 2 emissions. Ammonia use in maritime applications is considered promising, due to its high energy density, low flammability, easy storage and low production cost. Moreover, ammonia can be used as fuel in a variety of propulsors such as fuel cells and can be produced from renewable sources. As a result, ammonia can be used as a versatile marine fuel, exploiting the existing infrastructure, and having zero SO X and CO 2 emissions. However, there are several challenges to overcome for ammonia to become a compelling fuel towards the decarbonisation of shipping. Such factors include the selection of the appropriate ammonia-fuelled power generator, the selection of the appropriate system safety assessment tool, and mitigating measures to address the hazards of ammonia. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of ammonia fuelled fuel cells for marine applications and presents their potential, and challenges.

Keywords: zero-carbon; shipping; ammonia; power production; fuel cells; safety (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (6)

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