Multi-State Reliability Assessment Model of Base-Load Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (CPES) during Flexible Operation Considering the Aging of Cyber Components

Zhaojun Hao, Francesco Di Maio and Enrico Zio
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Zhaojun Hao: Energy Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy
Francesco Di Maio: Energy Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy
Enrico Zio: Energy Department, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 11, 1-18

Abstract: Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (CPESs) are energy systems which rely on cyber components for energy production, transmission and distribution control, and other functions. With the penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), CPESs are required to provide flexible operation (e.g., load-following, frequency regulation) to respond to any sudden imbalance of the power grid, due to the variability in power generation by RESs. This raises concerns on the reliability of CPESs traditionally used as base-load facilities, such as Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs), which were not designed for flexible operation, and more so, since traditionally only hardware components aging and stochastic failures have been considered for the reliability assessment, whereas the contribution of the degradation and aging of the cyber components of CPSs has been neglected. In this paper, we propose a multi-state model that integrates the hardware components stochastic failures with the aging of cyber components, and quantify the unreliability of CPES in load-following operations under normal/emergency conditions. To show the application of the reliability assessment model, we consider the case of the Control Rod System (CRS) of a NPP typically used for a base-load energy supply.

Keywords: Cyber-Physical System (CPS); Nuclear Power Plant (NPP); Renewable Energy Source (RES); load-following; aging; multi-state model; Control Rod System (CRS) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (3)

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