Evaluating Latency in Multiprocessing Embedded Systems for the Smart Grid

Sara Alonso, Jesús Lázaro, Jaime Jiménez, Unai Bidarte and Leire Muguira
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Sara Alonso: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain
Jesús Lázaro: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain
Jaime Jiménez: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain
Unai Bidarte: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain
Leire Muguira: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 11, 1-14

Abstract: Smart grid endpoints need to use two environments within a processing system (PS), one with a Linux-type operating system (OS) using the Arm Cortex-A53 cores for management tasks, and the other with a standalone execution or a real-time OS using the Arm Cortex-R5 cores. The Xen hypervisor and the OpenAMP framework allow this, but they may introduce a delay in the system, and some messages in the smart grid need a latency lower than 3 ms. In this paper, the Linux thread latencies are characterized by the Cyclictest tool. It is shown that when Xen hypervisor is used, this scenario is not suitable for the smart grid as it does not meet the 3 ms timing constraint. Then, standalone execution as the real-time part is evaluated, measuring the delay to handle an interrupt created in programmable logic (PL). The standalone application was run in A53 and R5 cores, with Xen hypervisor and OpenAMP framework. These scenarios all met the 3 ms constraint. The main contribution of the present work is the detailed characterization of each real-time execution, in order to facilitate selecting the most suitable one for each application.

Keywords: virtualization; Xen hypervisor; system-on-chip; latency; Cyclictest; interrupt; OpenAMP; multiprocessing (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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