The Highest Peaks of the Mountains: Comparing the Use of GNSS, LiDAR Point Clouds, DTMs, Databases, Maps, and Historical Sources

Stanisław Szombara, Marta Róg, Krystian Kozioł, Kamil Maciuk, Bogdan Skorupa, Jacek Kudrys, Tomáš Lepeška and Michal Apollo
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Stanisław Szombara: Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Marta Róg: Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Krystian Kozioł: Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Kamil Maciuk: Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Bogdan Skorupa: Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Jacek Kudrys: Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Tomáš Lepeška: Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, SK-960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia
Michal Apollo: Joint International Tourism College, Hainan University—Arizona State University, Haikou 570228, China

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 18, 1-29

Abstract: Advances in remote data acquisition techniques have contributed to the flooding of society with spatial data sets and information. Widely available spatial data sets, including digital terrain models (DTMs) from aerial laser scanning (ALS) data, are finding more and more new applications. The article analyses and compares the heights of the 14 highest peaks of the Polish Carpathians derived from different data sources. Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) geodetic measurements were used as reference. The comparison primarily involves ALS data, and selected peaks’ GNSS measurements carried out with Xiaomi Mi 8 smartphones were also compared. Recorded raw smartphone GNSS measurements were used for calculations in post-processing mode. Other data sources were, among others, global and local databases and models and topographic maps (modern and old). The article presents an in-depth comparison of Polish and Slovak point clouds for two peaks. The results indicate the possible use of large-area laser scanning in determining the maximum heights of mountain peaks and the need to use geodetic GNSS measurements for selected peaks. For the Polish peak of Rysy, the incorrect classification of point clouds causes its height to be overestimated. The conclusions presented in the article can be used in the dissemination of knowledge and to improve positioning methods.

Keywords: GNSS; LiDAR; DTM; data quality; mountains (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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