Chemical Methods for Hydrolyzing Dairy Manure Fiber: A Concise Review

Noori M. Cata Saady, Fatemeh Rezaeitavabe and Juan Enrique Ruiz Espinoza
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Noori M. Cata Saady: Civil Engineering Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
Fatemeh Rezaeitavabe: Civil Engineering Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
Juan Enrique Ruiz Espinoza: Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Periférico Norte, Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Merida C.P. 97203, Mexico

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 19, 1-15

Abstract: This paper reviews the chemical hydrolysis processes of dairy manure fiber to make its sugar accessible to microorganisms during anaerobic digestion and identifies obstacles and opportunities. Researchers, so far, investigated acid, alkali, sulfite, and advanced oxidation processes (such as hydrogen peroxide assisted by microwave/ultrasound irradiation, conventional boiling, and wet oxidation), or their combinations. Generally, dilute acid (3–10%) is less effective than concentrated acid (12.5–75%), which decrystallizes the cellulose. Excessive alkaline may produce difficult-to-degrade oxycellulose. Therefore, multi-step acid hydrolysis (without alkaline) is preferred. Such processes yielded 84% and 80% manure-to-glucose and -xylose conversion, respectively. Acid pretreatment increases lignin concentration in the treated manure and hinders subsequent enzymatic processes but is compatible with fungal cellulolytic enzymes which favor low pH. Manure high alkalinity affects dilute acid pretreatment and lowers glucose yield. Accordingly, the ratio of manure to the chemical agent and its initial concentration, reaction temperature and duration, and manure fineness need optimization because they affect the hydrolysis rate. Optimizing these factors or combining processes should balance removing hemicellulose and/or lignin and increasing cellulose concentrations while not hindering any subsequent process. The reviewed methods are neither economical nor integratable with the on-farm anaerobic digestion. Economic analysis and energy balance should be monolithic components of the research. More research is required to assess the effects of nitrogen content on these processes, optimize it, and determine if another pretreatment is necessary.

Keywords: dairy manure; fiber; lignocellulose; chemical hydrolysis; acid and alkaline hydrolysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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