Nontargeted vs. Targeted vs. Smart Load Shifting Using Heat Pump Water Heaters

Manasseh Obi, Cheryn Metzger, Ebony Mayhorn, Travis Ashley and Walter Hunt
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Manasseh Obi: Portland General Electric, Portland, OR 97204, USA
Cheryn Metzger: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
Ebony Mayhorn: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
Travis Ashley: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
Walter Hunt: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 22, 1-17

Abstract: Deployment of CTA-2045–enabled devices is increasing in the U.S. market. These devices allow utilities or third-party aggregators to control appliance energy use in homes, and could also be applied to end uses in small commercial buildings. This study focuses on a field study using CTA-2045–enabled water heaters to shift electric load off the peak and toward periods when renewable resources are more prevalent (e.g., near noon for solar resources and near midnight for wind resources). The following load shifting strategies were compared to understand effects on the aggregate load-shifting capabilities of Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWHs) and on consumer hot water supply: non-targeted (traditional), targeted (grouped, with different shifting schedules) and “smart” (adaptive control commands). The results of this study show that targeted and smart control strategies yield significantly more load-shifting potential from a population of water heaters than the non-targeted approach without sacrificing hot water supply to occupants. However, as control commands become more aggressive, aggregators may face challenges in meeting consumer hot water demand. The findings and lessons learned can benefit electric utilities and inform updates to manufacturer controls and communications standards. The data collected may also be useful for developing and validating HPWH models.

Keywords: building services; demand response; demand side management; energy management; energy efficiency; energy storage; renewable energy; water heaters; direct load control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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