PV-Supercapacitor Cascaded Topology for Primary Frequency Responses and Dynamic Inertia Emulation

Sivakrishna Karpana, Efstratios Batzelis, Suman Maiti and Chandan Chakraborty
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Sivakrishna Karpana: Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
Efstratios Batzelis: School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Suman Maiti: Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
Chandan Chakraborty: Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 24, 1-40

Abstract: Owing to rapid increase in PV penetration without inherent inertia, there has been an unremitting deterioration of the effective inertia of the existing power systems. This may pose a serious threat to the stability of power systems during disturbances if not taken care of. Hence, the problem of how to emulate Synthetic Inertia (SI) in PV Systems (PVS) to retain their frequency stability demands attention. Super Capacitor (SC)-based storage become an attractive option over the other energy storage types because of its high-power density, burst power handling capability, faster response and longer life cycle. Considering this, the authors here propose a novel PV-SC Cascaded Topology (PSCT) as a cost-effective approach to emulate SI by integrating a low voltage SC to a high voltage grid-connected PVS. The proposed PSCT helps in operating the SC as a voltage source rather than a current source. Thus, it eliminates the high gain requirements of the SC interfacing converters. The aim is to target two main frequency response services, i.e., Primary Frequency Response (PFR) and Synthetic Inertial Response (SIR), using a novel common control scheme, but without affecting any other energy intensive services. The authors introduced a Droop-Inspired (DI) method with an adjustable inertia constant to emulate dynamic inertia so that a wider range of Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) values can be serviced with a limited storage. A very streamlined analysis was also carried out for sizing of the SC stage based on a simple Three-Point Linearization (TPL) technique and DI technique with a limited knowledge of the disturbance parameters. The whole system was initially validated in a MATLAB Simulink environment and later confirmed with the OPAL-RT Real-Time Simulator. The investigated response was subject to variation in terms of control parameters, changes in solar irradiance, grid frequency variation, etc.

Keywords: PV-SC series cascaded topology; frequency response services; RoCoF; artificial inertia; dynamic inertia emulation; three-point linearization technique (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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