Prolongation of Battery Lifetime for Electric Buses through Flywheel Integration

Philipp Glücker, Klaus Kivekäs, Jari Vepsäläinen, Panagiotis Mouratidis, Maximilian Schneider, Stephan Rinderknecht and Kari Tammi
Additional contact information
Philipp Glücker: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Klaus Kivekäs: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Jari Vepsäläinen: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
Panagiotis Mouratidis: Institute for Mechatronic Systems, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
Maximilian Schneider: Institute for Mechatronic Systems, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
Stephan Rinderknecht: Institute for Mechatronic Systems, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
Kari Tammi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 4, 1-19

Abstract: Electrification of transportation is an effective way to tackle climate change. Public transportation, such as electric buses, operate on predetermined routes and offer quiet operation, zero local emissions and high energy efficiency. However, the batteries of these buses are expensive and wear out in use. The battery ageing is expedited by fast charging and power spikes during operation. The contribution of this paper is the reduction of the power spikes and thus a prolonged battery lifetime. A novel hybrid energy storage system for electric buses is proposed by introducing a flywheel in addition to the existing battery. A simulation model of the hybrid energy storage system is presented, including a battery ageing model to measure the battery lifetime. The bus was simulated during its daily driving operation on different routes with different energy management strategies and flywheel configurations. These different flywheels as well as the driving cycle had a significant impact on the battery life increase. The proposed hybrid battery/flywheel storage system resulted in a battery lifetime increase of 20% on average.

Keywords: hybrid electric bus; hybrid energy storage system; flywheel; battery lifetime; rule-based control; model predictive control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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