Per-Phase and 3-Phase Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Using Genetic Algorithm

Ronald C. Matthews, Trupal R. Patel, Adam K. Summers, Matthew J. Reno and Shamina Hossain-McKenzie
Additional contact information
Ronald C. Matthews: Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 MS 1033, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Trupal R. Patel: Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 MS 1033, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Adam K. Summers: Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 MS 1033, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Matthew J. Reno: Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 MS 1033, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Shamina Hossain-McKenzie: Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 MS 1033, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 6, 1-19

Abstract: Penetration of the power grid by renewable energy sources, distributed storage, and distributed generators is becoming increasingly common. Increased utilization of these distributed energy resources (DERs) has given rise to additional protection coordination concerns, particularly where they are utilized in an unbalanced manner or where loading among phases is unbalanced. Digital relays such as the SEL-751 (produced by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Pullman, WA, USA) series have the capability of being set on a per-phase basis. This capability is underutilized in common practice. Additionally, in optimization algorithms for determining relay settings, the time-overcurrent characteristics (TOCs) of relays are generally not treated as variables and are assigned before running the optimization algorithm. In this paper, TOC options themselves are treated as discrete variables to be considered in the optimization algorithm. A mixed integer nonlinear programming problem (MINLP) is set up where the goal is to minimize relay operating times. A genetic algorithm (GA) approach is implemented in MATLAB where two cases are considered. In the first case, the TOC and Time dial setting (TDS) of each relay is set on a three-phase basis. In the second case, per-phase settings are considered. Relay TDSs and TOCs are both considered as simultaneous discrete control variables. Despite the stochastic nature of using per-phase settings for unbalanced systems is found to generally allow for shorter operating times. However, for relatively balanced systems, it is best to use three-phase settings if computation time is of importance.

Keywords: inverse time overcurrent relay; genetic algorithm (GA); time overcurrent characteristic (TOC); time dial settings ( TDS ); coordination time interval (CTI); per-phase relay coordination; three-phase relay coordination (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/6/1699/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/6/1699/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:6:p:1699-:d:519900

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().