Applications of Carbon in Rechargeable Electrochemical Power Sources: A Review

Jakub Lach, Kamil Wróbel, Justyna Wróbel and Andrzej Czerwiński
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Jakub Lach: Łukasiewicz Research Network–Industrial Chemistry Institute, Rydygiera 8 Str., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
Kamil Wróbel: Łukasiewicz Research Network–Industrial Chemistry Institute, Rydygiera 8 Str., 01-793 Warsaw, Poland
Justyna Wróbel: Łukasiewicz Research Network–Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 55, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Andrzej Czerwiński: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 9, 1-29

Abstract: Rechargeable power sources are an essential element of large-scale energy systems based on renewable energy sources. One of the major challenges in rechargeable battery research is the development of electrode materials with good performance and low cost. Carbon-based materials have a wide range of properties, high electrical conductivity, and overall stability during cycling, making them suitable materials for batteries, including stationary and large-scale systems. This review summarizes the latest progress on materials based on elemental carbon for modern rechargeable electrochemical power sources, such as commonly used lead–acid and lithium-ion batteries. Use of carbon in promising technologies (lithium–sulfur, sodium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors) is also described. Carbon is a key element leading to more efficient energy storage in these power sources. The applications, modifications, possible bio-sources, and basic properties of carbon materials, as well as recent developments, are described in detail. Carbon materials presented in the review include nanomaterials (e.g., nanotubes, graphene) and composite materials with metals and their compounds.

Keywords: energy storage; carbon; nanomaterials; lead–acid batteries; lithium-ion batteries; lithium–sulfur batteries; sodium-ion batteries; supercapacitors (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (4)

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