Synthesis of Donor–Acceptor Copolymers Derived from Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Fluorene via Eco-Friendly Direct Arylation: Nonlinear Optical Properties, Transient Absorption Spectroscopy, and Theoretical Modeling

Jonatan Rodríguez-Rea, Marisol Güizado-Rodríguez, José-Luis Maldonado, Gabriel Ramos-Ortiz, José Ulises Reveles, Carlos Silva, Victor Barba, Esmeralda Monserrat Saucedo-Salazar and María Teresa Rodríguez Hernández
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Jonatan Rodríguez-Rea: Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas (CIICAp)-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Mexico
Marisol Güizado-Rodríguez: Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas (CIICAp)-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Mexico
José-Luis Maldonado: Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque No. 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, Leon C.P. 37150, Mexico
Gabriel Ramos-Ortiz: Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., Loma del Bosque No. 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, Leon C.P. 37150, Mexico
José Ulises Reveles: Cristo Rey Richmond High School, 313 N Belmont Ave, Richmond, VA 23221, USA
Carlos Silva: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
Victor Barba: Centro de Investigaciones Químicas (CIQ)-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Mexico
Esmeralda Monserrat Saucedo-Salazar: Laboratorio Central de Instrumentación Analítica, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo No. 140 Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25294, Mexico
María Teresa Rodríguez Hernández: Laboratorio Central de Instrumentación Analítica, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo No. 140 Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25294, Mexico

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 11, 1-21

Abstract: A series of PFDPP copolymers based on fluorene (F) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) monomers were synthesized via direct arylation polycondensation using Fagnou conditions which involved palladium acetate as catalyst (a gradual catalyst addition of three different percentages were used), potassium carbonate as the base, and neodecanoic acid in N , N -dimethylacetamide. This synthesis provides a low cost compared with traditional methods of transition-metal-catalyzed polymerization. Among the different amounts of catalyst used in the present work, 12% was optimal because it gave the highest reaction yield (81.5%) and one of the highest molecular weights (Mn = 13.8 KDa). Copolymers’ chemical structures, molecular weight distributions, and optical and thermal properties were analyzed. The linear optical properties of PFDPP copolymers resulted very similarly independently to the catalyst amounts used in the synthesis of the PFDPP copolymers: two absorptions bands distinctive of donor–acceptor copolymers, Stokes shifts of 41 nm, a good quantum yield of fluorescence around 47%, and an optical bandgap of 1.7 eV were determined. Electronic nonlinearities were observed in these copolymers with a relatively high two-photon absorption cross-section of 621 GM at 950 nm. The dynamics of excited states and aggregation effects were studied in solutions, nanoparticles, and films of PFDPP . Theoretical calculations modeled the ground-state structures of the ( PFDPP ) n copolymers with n = 1 to 4 units, determining the charge distribution by the electrostatic potential and modeling the absorption spectra determining the orbital transitions responsible for the experimentally observed leading bands. Experimental and theoretical structure–properties analysis of these donor–acceptor copolymers allowed finding their best synthesis conditions to use them in optoelectronic applications.

Keywords: diketopyrrolopyrrole; direct arylation polymerization; fluorene; photophysical properties (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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