Clay Mineral Type and Content Control Properties of Fine-Grained CO 2 Caprocks—Laboratory Insights from Strongly Swelling and Non-Swelling Clay–Quartz Mixtures

Mohammad Nooraiepour
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Mohammad Nooraiepour: Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 14, 1-18

Abstract: Understanding and predicting sealing characteristics and containment efficiency as a function of burial depth across sedimentary basins is a prerequisite for safe and secure subsurface storage. Instead of estimators and empirical relationships, this study aimed to delineate data-driven variability domains for non-cemented fine-grained clastic caprocks. Constant rate-of-strain uniaxial compression experiments were performed to measure changes in properties of brine-saturated quartz–clay mixtures. The binary mixtures were prepared by mixing quartz with strongly swelling (smectite) and non-swelling (kaolinite) clays representing end-member clay mineral characteristics. The primary objective was to evaluate the evolution of mudstone properties in the first 2.5 km of burial depth before chemical compaction and cementation. By conducting systematic laboratory tests, variability domains, normal compaction trends, and the boundaries in which characteristics of fine-grained argillaceous caprocks may vary were identified, quantified, and mathematically described. The results showed distinct domains of properties, where kaolinite-rich samples showed higher compressibility, lower total porosity, higher vertical permeability, and higher Vp and Vs. Two discrepancies were discovered in the literature and resolved regarding the compaction of pure kaolinite and the ultimate lowest porosity for quartz–clay mixtures. The present experimental study can provide inputs for numerical simulation and geological modeling of candidate CO 2 storage sites.

Keywords: permeability; porosity; elastic moduli; seismic properties; effective stress; mechanical compaction; mudstone; caprock; petrophysics; rock physics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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