Effect of WLTP CLASS 3B Driving Cycle on Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles

Salvatore Micari (), Salvatore Foti, Antonio Testa, Salvatore De Caro, Francesco Sergi, Laura Andaloro, Davide Aloisio, Salvatore Gianluca Leonardi and Giuseppe Napoli
Additional contact information
Salvatore Micari: Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio—Villaggio S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
Salvatore Foti: Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio—Villaggio S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
Antonio Testa: Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio—Villaggio S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
Salvatore De Caro: Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio—Villaggio S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
Francesco Sergi: National Research Council (CNR), Advanced Energy Technology Institute (ITAE) “Nicola Giordano”, Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse n. 5, 98126 Messina, Italy
Laura Andaloro: National Research Council (CNR), Advanced Energy Technology Institute (ITAE) “Nicola Giordano”, Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse n. 5, 98126 Messina, Italy
Davide Aloisio: National Research Council (CNR), Advanced Energy Technology Institute (ITAE) “Nicola Giordano”, Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse n. 5, 98126 Messina, Italy
Salvatore Gianluca Leonardi: National Research Council (CNR), Advanced Energy Technology Institute (ITAE) “Nicola Giordano”, Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse n. 5, 98126 Messina, Italy
Giuseppe Napoli: National Research Council (CNR), Advanced Energy Technology Institute (ITAE) “Nicola Giordano”, Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse n. 5, 98126 Messina, Italy

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 18, 1-25

Abstract: Capacity loss over time is a critical issue for lithium-ion batteries powering battery electric vehicles (BEVs) because it affects vehicle range and performance. Driving cycles have a major impact on the ageing of these devices because they are subjected to high stresses in certain uses that cause degradation phenomena directly related to vehicle use. Calendar capacity also impacts the battery pack for most of its lifetime with a capacity degradation. The manuscript describes experimental tests on a lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles with up to 10% capacity loss in the WLTP CLASS 3B driving cycle. The lithium-ion battery considered consists of an LMO-NMC cathode and a graphite anode with a capacity of 63 Ah for automotive applications. An internal impedance variation was observed compared to the typical full charge/discharge profile. Incremental capacitance (IC) and differential voltage (DV) analysis were performed in different states of cell health. A lifetime model is described to compute the total capacity loss for cycling and calendar ageing exploiting real data under some different scenarios of vehicle usage.

Keywords: lithium-ion batteries; lifetime model; electric vehicles; driving cycles; battery degradation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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