Optimal Powertrain Sizing of Series Hybrid Coach Running on Diesel and HVO for Lifetime Carbon Footprint and Total Cost Minimisation

Shantanu Pardhi, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Oswin Hulsebos and Omar Hegazy
Additional contact information
Shantanu Pardhi: MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
Mohamed El Baghdadi: MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
Oswin Hulsebos: VDL Enabling Transport Solutions BV, De Vest 11, 5555 XL Valkenswaard, The Netherlands
Omar Hegazy: MOBI-EPOWERS Research Group, ETEC Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 19, 1-28

Abstract: This article aims to calculate, analyse and compare the optimal powertrain sizing solutions for a long-haul plug-in series hybrid coach running on diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) using a co-design optimisation approach for: (1) lowering lifetime carbon footprint; (2) minimising the total cost of ownership (TCO); (3) finding the right sizing compromise between environmental impact and economic feasibility for the two fuel cases. The current vehicle use case derived from the EU H2020 LONGRUN project features electrical auxiliary loads and a 100 km zero urban emission range requiring a considerable battery size, which makes its low carbon footprint and cost-effective sizing a crucial challenge. Changing the objective between environmental impact and overall cost minimisation or switching the energy source from diesel to renewable HVO could also significantly affect the optimal powertrain dimensions. The approach uses particle swarm optimisation in the outer sizing loop while energy management is implemented using an adaptive equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (A-ECMS). Usage of HVO fuel over diesel offered an approximately 62% reduction in lifetime carbon footprint for around a 12.5% increase in overall costs across all sizing solutions. For such an unconventional powertrain topology, the fuel economy-focused solution neither achieved the lowest carbon footprint nor overall costs. In comparison, C O 2 ? cost balanced sizing resulted in reductions close to the single objective-focused solutions (5.7% against 5.9% for the C O 2 solution, 7.7% against 7.9% for the TCO solution on HVO) with lowered compromise on other side targets ( C O 2 reduction of 5.7% against 4.9% found in the TCO-focused solution, TCO lowering of 7.7% against 4.4% found in the C O 2 -focused solution).

Keywords: optimal powertrain sizing; co-design optimisation; long-haul coach; plug-in hybrid electric vehicle; series hybrid; HVO; lifetime carbon footprint; total cost of ownership; particle swarm optimisation; powertrain economic feasibility; economic-environmental balance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/6974/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/6974/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:6974-:d:923099

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().