Bio-Crude Production from Protein-Extracted Grass Residue through Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Saqib Sohail Toor, Ayaz Ali Shah, Kamaldeep Sharma, Tahir Hussain Seehar, Thomas Helmer Pedersen and Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl
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Saqib Sohail Toor: Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Ayaz Ali Shah: Department of Energy & Environment Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering & Technology, New M. A. Jinnah Road, Jamshed Quarters Muslimabad, Karachi 74800, Sindh, Pakistan
Kamaldeep Sharma: Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Tahir Hussain Seehar: Department of Energy & Environment Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering & Technology, New M. A. Jinnah Road, Jamshed Quarters Muslimabad, Karachi 74800, Sindh, Pakistan
Thomas Helmer Pedersen: Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl: Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-15

Abstract: In the present study, the protein-extracted grass residue (press cake) was processed through hydrothermal liquefaction under sub and supercritical temperatures (300, 350 and 400 °C) with and without using a potassium carbonate catalyst. The results revealed that bio-crude yield was influenced by both temperature and the catalyst. The catalyst was found to be effective at 350 °C (350 Cat) for enhancing the bio-crude yield, whereas supercritical state in both catalytic and non-catalytic conditions improved the quality of bio-crude with reasonable HHVs (33 to 36 MJ/kg). The thermal behaviour of bio-crude was analysed and higher volatile contents (more than 50% under the range of 350 °C) were found at supercritical conditions. The overall TOC values in the residual aqueous phase varied from 22 to 38 g/L. Higher carbon loss was noticed in the aqueous phase in supercritical conditions. Furthermore, GCMS analysis showed ketones, acids and ester, aromatics and hydrocarbon with negligible nitrogen-containing compounds in bio-crude. In conclusion, the catalytic conversion of grass residue under subcritical conditions (350 Cat) is favourable in terms of high bio-crude yield, however, supercritical conditions promote the deoxygenation of oxygen-containing compounds in biomass and thus improve HHVs of bio-crude.

Keywords: sub-supercritical temperatures; HTL; grass residue; Bio-crude; aqueous phase (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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