Comparison of “Zero Emission” Vehicles with Petrol and Hybrid Cars in Terms of Total CO 2 Release—A Case Study for Romania, Poland, Norway and Germany

Klaus Lieutenant, Ana Vassileva Borissova (), Mohamad Mustafa, Nick McCarthy and Ioan Iordache
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Klaus Lieutenant: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
Ana Vassileva Borissova: Faculty of Education and Arts, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway
Mohamad Mustafa: Department of Building, Energy and Material Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 8514 Narvik, Norway
Nick McCarthy: Cenex, Holywell Building, Hollywell Park, Ashby Road, Loughborough LE11 3UZ, UK
Ioan Iordache: Research-Development and Testing National Institute for Electrical Engineering, ICMET, Str. Decebal 118, 200746 Craiova, Romania

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 21, 1-13

Abstract: The authors compare the energy consumption and CO 2 emissions from vehicles using internal combustion engines (ICE), battery electric vehicles (BEV), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), and two types of hybrid vehicles, BEV-ICE hybrid and BEV-FCEV hybrid. This paper considers several scenarios for four countries’ electricity production from primary energy sources to estimate total CO 2 release. Energy consumption of the vehicle per 100 km, emissions during manufacturing, battery production, and lifecycle of the vehicle are considered in the total amount evaluation of CO 2 released. The results show that with current technologies for battery manufacturing, and a significant proportion of national grid electricity delivered by fossil fuels, BEV is the best choice to reduce carbon emissions for shorter driving ranges. In the case of electricity generation mainly by low-carbon sources, FCEV and BEV-FCEV hybrid vehicles end up with lower carbon dioxide emissions. In contrast, with electricity mainly generated from fossil fuels, electric vehicles do not reduce CO 2 emissions compared to combustion cars.

Keywords: CO 2 emissions; BEV; FCEV; energy consumption; hybrid vehicles (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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