Intermediate Pyrolysis of Bambara Groundnut Shell (BGS) in Various Inert Gases (N 2, CO 2, and N 2 /CO 2 )

Mustapha Danladi Ibrahim, Yousif Abdalla Abakr, Suyin Gan, Lai Yee Lee and Suchithra Thangalazhy-Gopakumar ()
Additional contact information
Mustapha Danladi Ibrahim: Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
Yousif Abdalla Abakr: Mechanical, Materials & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
Suyin Gan: Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
Lai Yee Lee: Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
Suchithra Thangalazhy-Gopakumar: Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 22, 1-16

Abstract: Energy from biomass is increasingly gaining attention amidst the environmental challenges of coal and fossil fuels. This study investigated the effects of inert gases (N 2 , CO 2 , and N 2 /CO 2 ) on intermediate pyrolysis and product properties from Bambara Groundnut Shells (BGS) (shells from an underutilized crop, which has high nutritional values). N 2 /CO 2 atmosphere roughly represents flue gas. The results showed that the inert gases did not significantly affect the yields of bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. The pH of bio-oil ranged from 5.2–5.8, indicating the minimum presence of acids in bio-oil. The CHNS analysis showed that all bio-oil and biochar had their carbon content within 50.04–60.49 wt.%. The FESEM resulted in a wide range of pore sizes in biochar produced in an N 2 /CO 2 atmosphere. The GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis revealed the presence of compounds which can be categorized as alkene, acid, benzene derivatives, ketone, phenol derivatives, alcohol, aldehyde, alkyl, and ester. However, the presence of N 2 /CO 2 gas favored alcohol and phenol production significantly.

Keywords: Bambara groundnut shell; intermediate pyrolysis; N 2 /CO 2 (flue gas) atmosphere; CO 2 atmosphere; bio-oil pH (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/22/8421/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/22/8421/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:22:p:8421-:d:969235

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().