Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review

Mohamed Radwan and Sahar Pirooz Azad
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Mohamed Radwan: Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Sahar Pirooz Azad: Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 24, 1-37

Abstract: Multi-terminal HVDC grids facilitate the integration of various renewable resources from distant locations; in addition, they enhance the reliability and stability of the grid. Protection is one of the major obstacles in realizing reliable and secure multi-terminal HVDC grids. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing protection schemes for multi-terminal HVDC grids. First, DC fault current stages are demonstrated; in addition, fault analysis studies and the existing fault current calculation methods are reviewed. Then, HVDC grid protection requirements including multi-vendor interoperability conditions are extensively discussed. Furthermore, primary protection algorithms are classified into single- and double-ended schemes, and a detailed comparison between each category is presented such that the distinctive algorithms from each group are highlighted. Moreover, the recent DC reclosing schemes are reviewed highlighting their role in enhancing grid stability and ensuring supply continuity. Finally, available standards for HVDC protection systems alongside their design considerations and procedures are thoroughly outlined. This paper focuses on the recently proposed methods to design reliable protection schemes for multi-terminal HVDC grids and highlights the main advantages and disadvantages associated with them; thus, it offers a beneficial guide for researchers in the HVDC protection field.

Keywords: HVDC grid protection; MMC converters; double-ended schemes; single-ended schemes; protection strategies; DC circuit breakers; DC fault location; reclosing schemes (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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