A Battery Management Strategy in a Lead-Acid and Lithium-Ion Hybrid Battery Energy Storage System for Conventional Transport Vehicles

Andre T. Puati Zau, Mpho J. Lencwe, S. P. Daniel Chowdhury and Thomas O. Olwal
Additional contact information
Andre T. Puati Zau: Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
Mpho J. Lencwe: Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
S. P. Daniel Chowdhury: Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
Thomas O. Olwal: Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 7, 1-29

Abstract: Conventional vehicles, having internal combustion engines, use lead-acid batteries (LABs) for starting, lighting, and ignition purposes. However, because of new additional features (i.e., enhanced electronics and start/stop functionalities) in these vehicles, LABs undergo deep discharges due to frequent engine cranking, which in turn affect their lifespan. Therefore, this research study seeks to improve LABs’ performance in terms of meeting the required vehicle cold cranking current (CCC) and long lifespan. The performance improvement is achieved by hybridizing a lead-acid with a lithium-ion battery at a pack level using a fully active topology approach. This topology approach connects the individual energy storage systems to their bidirectional DC-DC converter for ease of control. Besides, a battery management strategy based on fuzzy logic and a triple-loop proportional-integral (PI) controller is implemented for these conversion systems to ensure effective current sharing between lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. A fuzzy logic controller provides a percentage reference current needed from the battery and regulates the batteries’ state-of-charge (SoC) within the desired limits. A triple-loop controller monitors and limits the hybridized system’s current sharing and voltage within the required range during cycling. The hybridized system is developed and validated using Matlab/Simulink. The battery packs are developed using the battery manufacturers’ data sheets. The results of the research, compared with a single LAB, show that by controlling the current flow and maintaining the SoC within the desired limits, the hybrid energy storage system can meet the desired vehicle cold cranking current at a reduced weight. Furthermore, the lead-acid battery lifespan based on a fatigue cycle-model is improved from two years to 8.5 years, thus improving its performance in terms of long lifespan.

Keywords: bidirectional converters; battery management systems; fuzzy logic controller; hybrid energy storage system; lead-acid battery; lithium-ion battery (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2577/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2577/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:7:p:2577-:d:785303

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().