Systematic Method for Developing Reference Driving Cycles Appropriate to Electric L-Category Vehicles

David Watling, Patrícia Baptista, Gonçalo Duarte, Jianbing Gao and Haibo Chen
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David Watling: Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Patrícia Baptista: Centre for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research (IN+), Associação para o Desenvolvimento do Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
Gonçalo Duarte: Centre for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research (IN+), Associação para o Desenvolvimento do Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
Jianbing Gao: School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Haibo Chen: Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

Energies, 2022, vol. 15, issue 9, 1-28

Abstract: Increasingly, demanding environmental standards reflect the need for improved energy efficiency and reduced externalities in the transportation sector. Reference driving cycles provide standard speed profiles against which future developments and innovations may be tested. In the paper, we develop such profiles for a class of electric L-category vehicles, which are anticipated to play an increasing future role in urban areas. While such driving cycles exist for regular L-category vehicles, these may not be suitable in the case of electric vehicles, due to their power output limitations. We present a methodology for deriving these new driving cycles, developed from empirically deduced power relationships, before demonstrating their application under different assumptions on the terrain and vehicle characteristics. The applications demonstrate the feasibility of the method in developing appropriate driving patterns for alternative real-world contexts. On flat terrain, the adjustments made to cope with the power limitations of L-EV do not introduce significant differences in energy consumption, suggesting that the certification does not require extensive modification. However, when considering road slope, differences of up to 5% in energy use and up to 10% in regenerated energy were observed, showing the importance of the developed method for assessing vehicle performance in real-world driving.

Keywords: vehicle specific power; driving cycle; regenerative braking; powered light vehicle; e-bike; micro-mobility (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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