Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network

Khondoker Ziaul Islam, Md. Sanwar Hossain, B. M. Ruhul Amin, G. M. Shafiullah and Ferdous Sohel
Additional contact information
Khondoker Ziaul Islam: School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
Md. Sanwar Hossain: School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
B. M. Ruhul Amin: Centre for New Energy Transition Research, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
G. M. Shafiullah: School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
Ferdous Sohel: School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia

Energies, 2022, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-33

Abstract: The heterogeneous network (HetNet) is a specified cellular platform to tackle the rapidly growing anticipated data traffic. From a communications perspective, data loads can be mapped to energy loads that are generally placed on the operator networks. Meanwhile, renewable energy-aided networks offer to curtailed fossil fuel consumption, so to reduce the environmental pollution. This paper proposes a renewable energy based power supply architecture for the off-grid HetNet using a novel energy sharing model. Solar photovoltaics (PV) along with sufficient energy storage devices are used for each macro, micro, pico, or femto base station (BS). Additionally, a biomass generator (BG) is used for macro and micro BSs. The collocated macro and micro BSs are connected through end-to-end resistive lines. A novel-weighted proportional-fair resource-scheduling algorithm with sleep mechanisms is proposed for non-real time (NRT) applications by trading-off the power consumption and communication delays. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm with an extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) and power saving mode (PSM) for narrowband internet of things (IoT) applications extends the battery lifetime for IoT devices. HOMER optimization software is used to perform optimal system architecture, economic, and carbon footprint analyses while the Monte-Carlo simulation tool is used for evaluating the throughput and energy efficiency performances. The proposed algorithms are validated through the practical data of the rural areas of Bangladesh from which it is evident that the proposed power supply architecture is energy-efficient, cost-effective, reliable, and eco-friendly.

Keywords: heterogeneous network; renewable energy; internet of things; optimal power systems (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/169/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/169/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2022:i:1:p:169-:d:1013343

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().