SMES-GCSC Coordination for Frequency and Voltage Regulation in a Multi-Area and Multi-Source Power System with Penetration of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources

Hiramani Shukla, Srete Nikolovski (), More Raju (), Ankur Singh Rana and Pawan Kumar
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Hiramani Shukla: Electrical Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, Bhopal 462003, India
Srete Nikolovski: Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, K. Trpimira 2B, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
More Raju: Electrical Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, Bhopal 462003, India
Ankur Singh Rana: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
Pawan Kumar: Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India

Energies, 2022, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-27

Abstract: Frequency, tie-line power, and the terminal voltages of synchronized generators must all be kept within prescribed limits to ensure the stability of an interconnected power grid through combined automatic generation control (AGC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loops. Thermal power plants, electric vehicles, and renewable energy sources—including solar and wind, geothermal, and solar thermal power plants—form the two-area integrated power system in present research. A new cascade controller named the cascaded proportional integral derivative (PID) and fractional-order PID (CPID-FOPID) controller is proposed for the first time, whose performance is compared with the PID and FOPID controller. The results show that the proposed cascade controller outperforms PID and FOPID in delivering superior dynamic characteristics, including short settling times and low oscillation amplitudes. A new metaheuristic algorithm named the coot algorithm was applied to optimize the parameters of these controllers. The suggested controller outperforms FOPID in the combined AGC and AVR problem under uncertain conditions (random load disturbance, variable input of solar irradiation, and wind power). Robustness of the controller is tested with significant variation in the turbine time constant of the thermal and geothermal power plant. In this study, authors also investigated the best possible coordination between the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC) devices to control both voltage and frequency simultaneously. The effect of communication time to the power system is analyzed in this study. Additionally, the obtained results are satisfactorily validated using OPAL-RT real-time digital simulator.

Keywords: automatic generation control (AGC); automatic voltage regulator (AVR); gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC); superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES); cascaded controller (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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