Granulates Based on Bio and Industrial Waste and Biochar in a Sustainable Economy

Andrzej Rostocki, Hilal Unyay, Katarzyna Ławińska () and Andrzej Obraniak
Additional contact information
Andrzej Rostocki: Łukasiewicz Research Network—Lodz Institute of Technology, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Lodz, Poland
Hilal Unyay: Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-543 Lodz, Poland
Katarzyna Ławińska: Łukasiewicz Research Network—Lodz Institute of Technology, Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Lodz, Poland
Andrzej Obraniak: Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

Energies, 2022, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-18

Abstract: This review presents the latest research works detailing granulation processes and granulates, including and based on waste (bio and industrial) as a biofuel/energy source and the possible usage of granulates from and/or based on biochar. The innovative aspect is that the article focuses on the broadest possible environmental aspect understood in minimizing the burden related to the amount and composition of waste generated by various industries. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the processes as an effective method of waste management and also as energy sources. Based on various sources, a brief summary of why granulation is an important area of both scientific research and industrial applications is provided. The review also presents a summary of basic concepts and definitions in the topic of granulation—types of processes, apparatuses used, and examples of research results in the literature. The main part of the review is the analysis of the literature providing numerous examples on the usage of granules based on bio and industrial waste and various biochar granulates. The conclusions present the aspect of economical sustainability of granulation processes and the use of granulates as effective solutions for energy sources (fuel, biofuel), waste management, and applications in agriculture (soil additives, fertilizers).

Keywords: granulation; granules; biomass waste; industrial waste; biochar; biofuels; soil additives; waste management; sustainability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/56/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/56/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2022:i:1:p:56-:d:1009851

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().