Issues Concerning Manufacture and Recycling of Lead

Petr Bača () and Petr Vanýsek
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Petr Bača: The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communications, Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
Petr Vanýsek: The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communications, Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 11, 1-20

Abstract: This article gives an overview of historical and present uses of lead against the backdrop of gradual realization that lead is an environmental hazard. In this paper the lead in the lead-acid batteries is investigated from the view of its present use. This use continues because there does not exist economical and practical alternative to lead for this purpose. In fact the use is still steadily increasing. This may not be a concern as it has been demonstrated that in countries with strong economies, recycling of lead from the batteries can near 100%. Here, we take a look at reality, by comparing select countries on both sides of the economic spectrum. In poorer countries, recycling suffers more on the safe and clean side of the process. Historical uses of lead are also reviewed, as well as a new approach of using lead compounds in soluble lead flow batteries.

Keywords: lead metal; lead-acid storage batteries; lead recycling; banned use of lead; environment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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