Balancing Power in Sweden Using Different Renewable Resources, Varying Prices, and Storages Like Batteries in a Resilient Energy System

Erik Dahlquist (), Fredrik Wallin, Koteshwar Chirumalla, Reza Toorajipour and Glenn Johansson
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Erik Dahlquist: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Malardalen University, 722 20 Västerås, Sweden
Fredrik Wallin: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Malardalen University, 722 20 Västerås, Sweden
Koteshwar Chirumalla: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Malardalen University, 722 20 Västerås, Sweden
Reza Toorajipour: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Malardalen University, 722 20 Västerås, Sweden
Glenn Johansson: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Malardalen University, 722 20 Västerås, Sweden

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 12, 1-28

Abstract: In this paper, balancing electricity production using renewable energy such as wind power, PV cells, hydropower, and CHP (combined heat and power) with biomass is carried out in relation to electricity consumption in primarily one major region in Sweden, SE-3, which contains 75% of the country’s population. The time perspective is hours and days. Statistics with respect to power production and consumption are analyzed and used as input for power-balance calculations. How long periods are with low or high production, as well as the energy for charge and discharge that is needed to maintain a generally constant power production, is analyzed. One conclusion is that if the difference in production were to be completely covered with battery capacity it would be expensive, but if a large part of the difference were met by a shifting load it would be possible to cover the rest with battery storage in an economical way. To enhance the economy with battery storage, second-life batteries are proposed to reduce the capital cost in particular. Batteries are compared to hydrogen as an energy carrier. The efficiency of a battery system is higher than that of hydrogen plus fuel cells, but in general much fewer precious materials are needed with an H 2 /fuel-cell system than with batteries. The paper discusses how to make the energy system more robust and resilient.

Keywords: electric power; balancing; batteries; load shift; resilience (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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