Electric Water Heater Modeling for Large-Scale Distribution Power Systems Studies with Energy Storage CTA-2045 Based VPP and CVR

Rosemary E. Alden, Huangjie Gong, Tim Rooney, Brian Branecky and Dan M. Ionel ()
Additional contact information
Rosemary E. Alden: SPARK Laboratory, ECE Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Huangjie Gong: ABB USRC, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
Tim Rooney: A. O. Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, WI 53224, USA
Brian Branecky: A. O. Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, WI 53224, USA
Dan M. Ionel: SPARK Laboratory, ECE Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 12, 1-22

Abstract: As the smart grid involves more new technologies such as electric vehicles (EVs) and distributed energy resources (DERs), more attention is needed in research to general energy storage (GES) based energy management systems (EMS) that account for all possible load shifting and control strategies, specifically with major appliances that are projected to continue electrification such as the electric water heater (EWH). In this work, a methodology for a modified single-node model of a resistive EWH is proposed with improved internal tank temperature for user comfort modeling and capabilities for conservation voltage reduction (CVR) simulations as well as Energy Star and Consumer Technology Association communications protocol (CTA-2045) compliant controls, including energy storage calculations for “energy take”. Daily and weekly simulations are performed on a representative IEEE test feeder distribution system with experimental load and hot water draw (HWD) profiles to consider user comfort. Sequential controls are developed to reduce power spikes from controls and lead to peak shavings. It is found that EWHs are suitable for virtual power plant (VPP) operation with sustainable tank temperatures, i.e., average water temperature is maintained at set-point or above at the end of the control period while shifting up to 78% of EWH energy out of shed windows per day and 75% over a week, which amounts to up to 23% of the total load shifted on the example power system. While CVR simulations reduced the peak power of individual EWHs, the aggregation effect at the distribution level negates this reduction in power for the community. The EWH is shown as an energy constant load without consistent benefit from CVR across the example community with low energy reductions of less than 0.1% and, in some cases, increased daily energy by 0.18%.

Keywords: virtual power plant; electric water heater; conservation voltage reduction; CTA-2045 standards; general energy storage (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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