Wind Farms and Flexible Loads Contribution in Automatic Generation Control: An Extensive Review and Simulation

Kaleem Ullah, Zahid Ullah, Sheraz Aslam (), Muhammad Salik Salam, Muhammad Asjad Salahuddin, Muhammad Farooq Umer, Mujtaba Humayon and Haris Shaheer
Additional contact information
Kaleem Ullah: Center for Advanced Study in Energy, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
Zahid Ullah: Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
Sheraz Aslam: Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
Muhammad Salik Salam: Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Muhammad Asjad Salahuddin: Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Muhammad Farooq Umer: Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Mujtaba Humayon: Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Haris Shaheer: Department of Information Technology, University of the Cumberlands, Williamsburg, KY 40769, USA

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 14, 1-34

Abstract: With the increasing integration of wind energy sources into conventional power systems, the demand for reserve power has risen due to associated forecasting errors. Consequently, developing innovative operating strategies for automatic generation control (AGC) has become crucial. These strategies ensure a real-time balance between load and generation while minimizing the reliance on operating reserves from conventional power plant units. Wind farms exhibit a strong interest in participating in AGC operations, especially when AGC is organized into different regulation areas encompassing various generation units. Further, the integration of flexible loads, such as electric vehicles and thermostatically controlled loads, is considered indispensable in modern power systems, which can have the capability to offer ancillary services to the grid through the AGC systems. This study initially presents the fundamental concepts of wind power plants and flexible load units, highlighting their significant contribution to load frequency control (LFC) as an important aspect of AGC. Subsequently, a real-time dynamic dispatch strategy for the AGC model is proposed, integrating reserve power from wind farms and flexible load units. For simulations, a future Pakistan power system model is developed using Dig SILENT Power Factory software (2020 SP3), and the obtained results are presented. The results demonstrate that wind farms and flexible loads can effectively contribute to power-balancing operations. However, given its cost-effectiveness, wind power should be operated at maximum capacity and only be utilized when there is a need to reduce power generation. Additionally, integrating reserves from these sources ensures power system security, reduces dependence on conventional sources, and enhances economic efficiency.

Keywords: wind power plants; flexible load units; automatic generation control; dispatch strategy; forecasting errors; smart power system (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (3)

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