The Impact of Climate Change and Window Parameters on Energy Demand and CO 2 Emissions in a Building with Various Heat Sources

Walery Jezierski, Dorota Anna Krawczyk and Beata Sadowska ()
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Walery Jezierski: Department of Sustainable Construction and Building Systems, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska Street 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
Dorota Anna Krawczyk: Department of Sustainable Construction and Building Systems, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska Street 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
Beata Sadowska: Department of Sustainable Construction and Building Systems, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska Street 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 15, 1-21

Abstract: This article presents an original study on the impact of climate change and the area of windows A wi (factor X 1 ), the thermal transmittance coefficient of windows U wi (factor X 2 ), and the coefficient of total solar transmittance factor of the glazing g gl (factor X 3 ) on the index of annual usable energy demand for heating EU H (function Y) of a single-family residential building in the climatic conditions of Bialystok (Poland), which were loaded with an equal gradual increase in average monthly external temperature by Δ θ e , n (factor X 4 ). Based on the results of the computational experiment, a deterministic mathematical model of this dependence was developed, and the effects of selected factors on the Y function were analyzed for the considered climatic conditions. Moreover, in cases of selected variants, the influence of the energy source on the amount of final energy used and CO 2 emissions was studied. It was found that an increase in the average monthly external temperature reduces the EU H of the tested building by 8.4% per every 1 °C of increase in Δ θ e , n . The reduction in CO 2 emissions as a result of climate change is visible for systems with low efficiency and high emission factors (wood boiler), while in the case of pro-ecological high-efficiency systems (with a ground-source pump heat) it is inappreciable. Due to the need to decarbonize buildings, knowledge about the impact of the properties of windows, which are the weakest element in terms of heat loss through the building envelope, as well as the type of heat source on heat demand and CO 2 emissions, is very important for engineers and designers when making the correct decisions.

Keywords: indicators of annual heating energy demand; climate change; window parameters; residential building; deterministic mathematical model; CO 2 emissions (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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