On the Benefits of Active Aerodynamics on Energy Recuperation in Hybrid and Fully Electric Vehicles

Petar Georgiev, Giovanni De Filippis, Patrick Gruber and Aldo Sorniotti ()
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Petar Georgiev: Centre for Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
Giovanni De Filippis: McLaren Automotive Ltd., Surrey GU21 4YH, UK
Patrick Gruber: Centre for Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
Aldo Sorniotti: Centre for Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 15, 1-27

Abstract: In track-oriented road cars with electric powertrains, the ability to recuperate energy during track driving is significantly affected by the frequent interventions of the antilock braking system (ABS), which usually severely limits the regenerative torque level because of functional safety considerations. In high-performance vehicles, when controlling an active rear wing to maximize brake regeneration, it is unclear whether it is preferable to maximize drag by positioning the wing into its stall position, to maximize downforce, or to impose an intermediate aerodynamic setup. To maximize energy recuperation during braking from high speeds, this paper presents a novel integrated open-loop strategy to control: (i) the orientation of an active rear wing; (ii) the front-to-total brake force distribution; and (iii) the blending between regenerative and friction braking. For the case study wing and vehicle setup, the results show that the optimal wing positions for maximum regeneration and maximum deceleration coincide for most of the vehicle operating envelope. In fact, the wing position that maximizes drag by causing stall brings up to 37% increased energy recuperation over a passive wing during a braking maneuver from 300 km/h to 50 km/h by preventing the ABS intervention, despite achieving higher deceleration and a 2% shorter stopping distance. Furthermore, the maximum drag position also reduces the longitudinal tire slip power losses, which, for example, results in a 0.4% recuperated energy increase when braking from 300 km/h to 50 km/h in high tire–road friction conditions at a deceleration close to the limit of the vehicle with passive aerodynamics, i.e., without ABS interventions.

Keywords: active aerodynamics; regenerative braking; anti-lock braking system (ABS); hybrid and fully electric vehicles; optimization; energy efficiency; quasi-static model (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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