LCA and C-LCC Indicator as Tools for Sodium-Ion Batteries’ Eco-Design

Maria Leonor Carvalho (), Maria Anna Cusenza, Giulio Mela, Andrea Temporelli, Irene Quinzeni and Pierpaolo Girardi
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Maria Leonor Carvalho: Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy
Maria Anna Cusenza: Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy
Giulio Mela: Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy
Andrea Temporelli: Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy
Irene Quinzeni: Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy
Pierpaolo Girardi: Ricerca Sistema Energetico–RSE S.p.A., Via R. Rubattino 54, 20134 Milan, Italy

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 17, 1-20

Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion technology; however, the diffusion on a commercial scale is hindered by the struggle to identify materials with high electrochemical performances. Studies available in the literature are mainly focused on electrochemical performance and neglect aspects related to the environmental sustainability. In fact, the current state-of-the-art (presented in this study) shows that life cycle assessment (LCA) studies related to the production processes of electrode materials for Na-ion batteries are still very limited. The LCA methodology applied during the development of a technology phase can constitute a valid support for an eco-oriented design and, therefore, to the choice of solutions characterized by a lower environmental impact with the same electrochemical performance. In this context, a life cycle-based environmental–economic assessment was performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of the production process of cathode and anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The study is focused on the cathodic active material Na 0.66 MnO 2 , considering two synthesis paths, and the anodic material consisting of tin (Sn) and Sn-carbon nanofiber (Sn-Cn) active material, binder, and other additives. Results illustrate the environmental performance of the different materials and constitute a useful input for their selection within an eco-design view.

Keywords: sodium-ion batteries; LCA; environmental impact; resource use; scarcity; C-LCC (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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