A Review of Sensing Technologies for New, Low Global Warming Potential (GWP), Flammable Refrigerants

Viktor Reshniak, Praveen Cheekatamarla (), Vishaldeep Sharma and Samuel Yana Motta
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Viktor Reshniak: Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Praveen Cheekatamarla: Buildings and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Vishaldeep Sharma: Buildings and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Samuel Yana Motta: Buildings and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 18, 1-23

Abstract: Commercial refrigeration systems currently utilize refrigerants with global warming potential (GWP) values ranging from 1250 to 4000. The advent of low GWP alternatives (GWP < 150 ) is expected to significantly curtail direct emissions from this segment and greatly influence the ongoing electrification and decarbonization efforts. Most of the low GWP alternatives exhibit flammability risk and hence require robust sensing solutions for a reliable and safe operation of the equipment. This review article aims to provide an overview of different sensing mechanisms suitable for potential applications in systems employing flammable refrigerants, particularly those designated as A2L class. A summary of different A2L refrigerants and their properties is provided followed by a broad review of different classes of sensors, their working principle, transduction method, features, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, key performance characteristics of accuracy, selectivity, sensitivity, dynamic characteristic, and durability among other properties are discussed. Finally, areas of improvement and corresponding approaches are suggested for potential sensors in the successful adoption of A2L class refrigerants.

Keywords: gas sensors; leak detectors; flammable refrigerants; low global warming potential; A2L (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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