Analysis of Onshore Synthetic Inertia and Primary Control Reserve Contributions of Alternating Current-Side Meshed Offshore Grids with Voltage-Source Converter and Diode Rectifier Unit High-Voltage Direct Current Connections

Michael Herrmann (), Merlin Alkemper and Lutz Hofmann
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Michael Herrmann: Institute of Electric Power Systems, Electric Power Engineering Section, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hanover, Germany
Merlin Alkemper: Institute of Electric Power Systems, Electric Power Engineering Section, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hanover, Germany
Lutz Hofmann: Institute of Electric Power Systems, Electric Power Engineering Section, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hanover, Germany

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 18, 1-22

Abstract: The increasing use of renewable energy sources in place of conventional generation units is leading to a reduction in onshore inertia and to the development of offshore wind park grids connected by multiple high-voltage direct current (HVDC) connections to the onshore alternating current (AC) grid. For AC-side meshed offshore grids with voltage-source converter (VSC) and diode rectifier unit (DRU) HVDC connections towards onshore grids, this study focuses on the energetic feasibility of synthetic inertia (SI) and primary control reserve (PCR) contributions triggered locally at the onshore converters of both connection types. To this end, the obstacles preventing contributions for VSC HVDC connections and the mechanisms allowing contributions for DRU HVDC connections are identified first. Based on these findings, the article proposes an enhancement of the offshore HVDC converter controls that is continuously active and allows locally triggered onshore contributions at all onshore HVDC converters of both connection types without using communication and requiring only minimal system knowledge. Additional simulations confirm that, although the enhancement is continuously active, the operational performance of the offshore HVDC converter controls for normal offshore grid operation and its robustness against offshore AC-side faults are not affected.

Keywords: synthetic inertia; primary control reserve; offshore grid; HVDC; voltage-source converter; diode rectifier unit; HVDC converter control; offshore control concept (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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