Modeling Multivariate Spray Characteristics with Gaussian Mixture Models

Markus Wicker (), Cihan Ates (), Max Okraschevski, Simon Holz, Rainer Koch and Hans-Jörg Bauer
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Markus Wicker: Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Cihan Ates: Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Max Okraschevski: Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Simon Holz: Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut (EMI), Ernst-Zermelo-Straße 4, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
Rainer Koch: Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Hans-Jörg Bauer: Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 19, 1-15

Abstract: With the increasing demand for efficient and accurate numerical simulations of spray combustion in jet engines, the necessity for robust models to enhance the capabilities of spray models has become imperative. Existing approaches often rely on ad hoc determinations or simplifications, resulting in information loss and potentially inaccurate predictions for critical spray characteristics, such as droplet diameters, velocities, and positions, especially under extreme operating conditions or temporal fluctuations. In this study, we introduce a novel approach to modeling multivariate spray characteristics using Gaussian mixture models (GMM). By applying this approach to spray data obtained from numerical simulations of the primary atomization in air-blast atomizers, we demonstrate that GMMs effectively capture the spray characteristics across a wide range of operating conditions. Importantly, our investigation reveals that GMMs can handle complex non-linear dependencies by increasing the number of components, thereby enabling the modeling of more complex spray statistics. This adaptability makes GMMs a versatile tool for accurately representing spray characteristics even under extreme operating conditions. The presented approach holds promise for enhancing the accuracy of spray combustion modeling, offering an improved injection model that accurately captures the underlying droplet distribution. Additionally, GMMs can serve as a foundation for constructing meta models, striking a balance between the efficiency of low-order approaches and the accuracy of high-fidelity simulations.

Keywords: spray; atomization; fuel injection; Lagrangian particle tracking; Euler–Lagrange simulations; machine learning; Gaussian mixture models; Hellinger distance; smoothed particle hydrodynamics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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